3/22/2023 0 Comments Fish gelatinThus, the exploitation of marine by-products as a new source of collagen has attracted increasing attention due to their easy extraction, high collagen content, absorption by the human body considering its low molecular weight, biocompatibility, freedom from the risks of animal diseases and pathogens, environmental friendliness, negligible content in biological contaminants and toxins, less significant religious and ethical constraints, and minor regulatory and quality control problems. Moreover, one of the most appealing features characterizing the seafood industry, which has been discarded, is the high content of valuable protein (10–25%) and lipid-rich compounds (17–35%). However, the exploitation of seafood by-products represents a growing issue. , it has been estimated that more than 50% of fish tissues, including fins, heads, skin, and viscera, are discarded as “waste”, exceeding 20 million tonnes of by-products per year. To align with this ecological approach, the European Commission opted for the approval of “Blue Growth”, a long-term strategy meant to support sustainable growth in the marine and maritime sectors. On a global scale, the urgency to shift towards eco-friendly alternatives for the exploitation of natural resources has been dictated by the need for coping with growing environmental and economic issues. ![]() On the other hand, in recent years, the notion of “sustainable development” has become one of the main strongholds in the frame of green economy programs. Nevertheless, the outbreak of diseases such as bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and religious constraints have limited mammalian-based collagen applications. Due to the wide range of applications of collagen, alternative sources, such as mammalian collagen from cattle and pigs, have been explored. ( c) Amino acids chains structure of collagen.Įxogenous collagen is mostly used in food, biomaterials, and pharmaceutical applications. ( b) Structure of collagen fibers, fibrils, triple helices of alpha chains and amino acid residues, 4-hydroxyproline (Hyp), glycine (Gly), and proline. ( a) Approximate content of collagen in different tissues values are from. The degradation of collagen results in wrinkles, sagging skin, stiff joints, and dry skin, and therefore, it is essential to identify new resources of collagen for regenerative tissue applications. ![]() Collagen breaks down due to aging, exposure to ultraviolet light, and tobacco. Chains of polypeptide constituted by the repeated sequence (Gly-X-Y) n form collagens, where X and Y can be occupied by any amino acid, although these positions are commonly occupied by proline and 4-hydroxyproline (Hyp, Figure 1b). The collagen produced by organisms is defined as endogenous, which consists of three long helicoidally shaped chains of amino acids. Collagen is a crucial component of the wound-healing process it acts as a natural structural scaffold or substrate for new tissue growth and plays an essential role in all phases of wound healing, including hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. The primary biomedical applications of collagen were in biomaterials, especially as drug and gene carriers, tissue engineering, absorbable surgical suture, osteogenic and bone filling materials, hemostatic agents, immobilization of therapeutic enzymes, and burn/wound cover dressings. Moreover, biomaterials engineering and therapeutic applications of marine collagen have been summarized.Ĭollagen is the most abundant structural protein in the extracellular matrix of the various connective tissues in the body (i.e., skin, bones, ligaments, tendons, and cartilage) ( Figure 1a). In addition, the effect of the extraction parameters (temperature, acid concentration, extraction time, solid-to-liquid ratio) on the yield of collagen is investigated. More specifically, acetic acid and deep eutectic solvent (DES) extraction methods for marine collagen isolation are described and compared. ![]() The fish collagen structure, extraction methods, characterization, and biomedical applications are presented. This article presents an overview of the recent studies from 2014 to 2020 conducted on collagen extraction from marine-based materials, in particular fish by-products. The utilization of marine-based collagen is growing fast due to its unique properties in comparison with mammalian-based collagen such as no risk of transmitting diseases, a lack of religious constraints, a cost-effective process, low molecular weight, biocompatibility, and its easy absorption by the human body.
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